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| Buddha from Termez, now in the State History Museum, Tashkent |
Around 2,500 years ago the ancient city of Termez was founded on the right bank of the Amu-Darya (Oxus) in a place convenient to cross the river. This strategic location later formed a major intersection of Great Silk Road routes.
Over centuries it developed as one of the leading cities of the Graeco-Bactrian kingdom and later it flourished as an important centre of the Kushan Empire, which was established in the 1st century AD.
Most Kushans are believed to have followed Zoroastrianism, however, all religions were tolerated and the city became a centre of Buddhist scholarship. It is from Termez that many missionaries departed for Sogdiana in the
north, for Margiana in the west, for China and Tibet, where they
propagated Buddha's teaching.
The Chinese monk Xuan Zang, who made a
pilgrimage to India early in the 7
th century in search of
holy Buddhist books, mentioned his visit to shrines around Termez in his
famous travelogue
Records of the Western World.
There are three major Buddhist sites that you can visit today near Termez.
1. Kara Tepa
Kara Tepa is one of the world’s oldest surviving
Buddhist cave monasteries. The first archaeological excavations took place there in
1936 and archaeologists discovered three tiers of rock-hewn cells for
monks. The excavations revealed a clearly visible layout of the ancient
structures. In the underground chambers
archaeologists found fragments of statues of Buddha and Bodhisattvas,
statuettes of dragons and of a winged lion, as well as wall paintings
with one of the world’s oldest images of Buddha surrounded by monks.
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| Kara Tepa monastic complex |
On
the same walls there are portraits of donors, who were rich enough to
order the construction of the temple. In the cells
ceramic lamps, reliquary boxes, coins of the times of Kanishka I and the
Sassanid rulers were found. The Kara Tepa complex also had a dormitory where pilgrims could take shelter. The walls of
this dormitory still bear a surviving graffiti drawing of a Buddhist stupa.
Over the last ten years Uzbek and Japanese experts have conducted joint archaeological research at Kara Tepa.
Because Kara Tepa lies in international no-man's-land (Afghanistan lies just across the Oxus), special permission must be obtained to visit. At last one month's notice is required, and permission is not guaranteed.
NB: In April 2013, the Tashkent authorities issued a document to permit me to visit Kara Tepa. Regrettably entry was denied by the local authorities in Termez. Finally, in October 2013, I was granted access by local authorities to the site. If you have the official letter from Tashkent, I recommend you make Kara Tepa your first stop in the mornng.
2. Fayaz Tepa
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| View of the large stupa, Fayaz Tepa |
About a kilometre away to the north of Kara Tepa lie the ruins of another Buddhist temple and monastery complex, Fayaz Tepa. The main structure of this monumental complex was its sanctuary decorated with paintings and sculptures of Buddha. The sanctuary was connected with the inner yard surrounded by pillars supporting a wooden roof whose fragments have survived to the present time. In the northwestern part of the structure there were cells for monks and an altar with holy fire.
The southeastern wing consisted of utility rooms, a refectory still containing stoves for cauldrons, tandyr ovens for baking bread and a large number of ceramic dishes. Of great interest are the remains of the large stupa near the temple. Inside the stupa there is a smaller, older stupa, whose dome with the reliquary and the hole for the symbolic “umbrella of honour” once crowning the many-tier chatiya are still in good condition.
Scholars date the monastery of Fayaz Tepa to the 1st century A.D. It functioned until the beginning of the 4th century when, together with Kara Tepa complex, it was looted by the Sassanid shahs. Murals showing the Buddha were uncovered at the site as were samples of stone and ganch sculpture, coins and fragments of ceramic vessels with Indian inscriptions.
3. Zurmala Tower
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| The Zurmala tower dates from the 3rd century A.D. |
To the southeast of the ancient site of Old Termez, surrounded by agricultural land, rises the remains of what is called Zurmala Tower. In 1926 Soviet archaeologists suggested it must have been a Buddhist stupa and a thorough exploration carried out 50 years later proved that it was a cult structure dating back to the golden age of the Kushan Kingdom.
Although the tower has suffered over the centuries, it still makes a strong impression. Scientists estimate that almost 1,200,000 bricks were needed for construction of the stupa. In the upper part of the windowless monolith adobe brick structure there is a small chamber for relics.
The tower stood on a base 22 x11 metres in area. Its sides were perfectly aligned with the four cardinal points of the compass. It is not known yet whether the stupa was a part of a temple complex or just a lonely structure.
Termez Archaeological Museum
Today Uzbek scholars collaborate with Japanese, French and other archaeological teams in the area around Termez. In October 2012, a splendid sculpture of white limestone, about 40cms in height, was discovered in good condition. It is part of the Greco-Buddhist friezes that adorned the temple on Chingiz hill.
This, and other precious finds, are displayed in Central Asia's only archaeological museum, which opened in Termez in 2002. The museum, which is open daily from 9:00 am - 5:00 p.m. houses more than 27,000 exhibits in the archives and exhibition halls. Signage is in Uzbek, English and Russian, however, it is far more interesting if you visit with a guide.
The Surkhandarya province, of which Termez is the capital, is a fascinating area to visit. Uzbek Journeys
arranges excursions there that take in the Buddhist and Islamic sites.
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